“…outside the commonwealth is the empire of the passions, war, fear, poverty, nastiness, solitude, barbarity, ignorance, savagery; within the commonwealth is the empire of reason, peace, security, wealth, splendour, society, good taste, the sciences and good-will.”[1]
Being here instead of there
It is in the autumn semester, and I am in a class teaching Norwegian language and literature, in a group of fifteen students from vocational school. They are not paying attention, and none of them are doing any homework. I have tried out every single pedagogical method I can think of to motivate them, and I am a creative person. None of it helps, and right now I ask them what we are going to do about the problem.
I catch a glimpse of one pair of eyes finally paying attention. It’s Jack[2], the guy who most vividly has expressed his resistance to the schoolwork. Now he bends forward, with his eyes fixed on me, and he says: “Don’t you see? Don’t you understand that we are stupid? We have understood a long time ago that we are not able to learn any more. That’s why we are here in this class, doing vocational training, instead of doing the Upper Secondary Education. Can’t you just let us stay in your class, and stop bothering about your teaching?”
The other guys nod and murmur “yes,” and “exactly.” They lean back; playing with whatever small things they have on their desks, trying to look indifferent. A deep sigh works its way out of me as I slowly grab a chair and sit down with them. What has cemented a “truth” like that in their minds? I ask them about that, and all of a sudden they explode with chaotic talk. After a while I calm them down. “Let’s put aside both books and curriculum for a while,” I suggest. “And then you can tell me your story, one by one. We can also talk about other things, and have a mix of oral and writing classes. How does this sound?”
“I don’t know how to write a text,” one of the guys admits later. “Well, it’s a matter of putting one sentence after the other. Of course it is more to it than that, but it’s a good start. I can show you in detail how to make a story by using this principle,” I tell him. He looks surprised, and utters more than a little skepticism about his ability to do even that. After some negotiation he finally agrees to give it a try. I look at Jack. An incredulous smile plays in his face. “We can tell our story? Sure you want to listen to it? And then we can talk and write about other things? What other things? Cars? Films?” “Yes”, I answer firmly, “I want to listen to your story, and yes, you can talk and write about cars and films and music and whatever.”
The next months we do just that. They tell school stories that make me feel cold to the bones, about being in special classes together with pupils with all sorts of learning disabilities, emotional troubles, violence and fighting, some of them highly intelligent but just tired of mechanically being told what to do without anyone asking what they would really like or need to learn. Quite often the special classes had no teacher; they were given an assignment, and had to make the best out of it. Clearly they did nothing at all.
And then we talk about the funny things in their lives, what makes them happy and inspired. After a while, they start writing. “What am I going to do next?” Jack says, having written one sentence. I look at him, and sense that all the others are paying close attention. “What would you say if you were going to tell me this?” I ask. “You mean, like, orally?” He asks. “Yes.” “I would say…” and he starts telling me a long story. “Stop! Again, from the top, one sentence at a time,” I tell him. So he does, and I tell him to write down each new sentence. I also ask him questions to let him know that he has to explain things, not just make statements.
Soon he has filled half the page with writing, and he looks at it, amazed. Then he looks at me. “Is this what it takes, one sentence at a time, like you were going to tell someone about it?” “Yes,” I smile, “that’s what it takes. And when you have written it all, you can start working at the text to make it better.” Inspired by their friend’s progress, the other guys won’t just sit there. Some start writing, some wants me to hear their story and then stop them to help them write it down. Slowly, very slowly, their stories take form, both the written and the oral ones. I show them their progress, step by step. By Christmas, they know: They are still able to learn.
First analysis of “Being here instead of there”
In this narrative there are two parallel stories. The most obvious one is about what takes place in the classroom. The other story is about the students’ previous schooling experience, which, paradoxically, has contributed to their understanding that they are not able to learn. As will be pointed out; the place in the narrative where the second story is revealed is marked by time coordinates in a particular way.
But in the main narrative, the first coordinates of time are marked by “autumn semester” and “by Christmas.” Other markers point to patterns of actions that have taken place previously in the class, over some time: “None of them are doing any homework,” “I have tried out…” One sentence points toward a first turn of the situation: “I catch a glimpse of one pair of eyes finally paying attention.” This suggests that the teacher suddenly sees one single student, as if he stands out from a mass that constitutes the “class.” The word “finally” underpins the fact that it has taken a long time to reach this point. It marks the hope of a shift in the heavy, worn out everyday classroom life, a shift toward a better understanding of what is going to take place inside the space that now, probably, will change character. At the moment when eyes meet, both with new attention, something can happen.
The next sentence in the narrative gives a name, Jack. “Now he bends forward, with his eyes fixed on me.” Jack is moving in space (bends forward), with his eyes fixed on something in that space (“me”). And he does it now. This movement in space underscores that the moment is of vital importance; otherwise Jack would not have come out of his hiding in the mass. It is like a painting of Caravaggio, the great Italian painter from the 17th century. Some of his paintings were rather dark, but his use of light was remarkable. From a hidden source the main person in the situation of a painting stands out in a ray of light, making the situation alive and tense, and the viewer is drawn into the momentous situation by the powerful movement of this tension. The main figure stands out, but without the darkness that makes up the background, he would not have appeared that powerful. The simultaneity of figure and ground in a painting of Caravaggio is a visualization of the simultaneity of time and space in the chronotope. In the narrative, Jack is the sudden power in the situation, which draws the teacher (and the reader) into the tension of the moment in this chronotope.
The teacher releases the tension by asking them what has led to the conclusion that they can’t learn. This is an active choice, which turns the attention away from her and her failing teaching efforts and over to the students. It is a choice of a new value to act upon: the students’ needs. In addition, the time marker indicates a second turn in the narrative: “All of a sudden they explode with chaotic talk.” But the pace of the narrative quickly slows down, with the teacher calming the students. She remains in control, which is marked by “then you can tell me,” after some negotiation,” “the next months we do just that.”
“That” means that the students tell their stories of previous schooling. The description ends with this statement: “Quite often the special classes had no teacher; they were given an assignment, and had to make the best out of it. Clearly they did nothing at all.”
The use of the preterite form of the verbs is the lead to the understanding of two parallel narratives. The main narrative is told in present, and the shift of tense refers to the students’ past, which is the content of the second or parallel narrative. But the past is not history for these guys. The past is alive and matters here and now, and Jack’s utterance creates a constituent moment in the acts of past times: “Don’t you see? Don’t you understand that we are stupid?” Suddenly, he can verbalize what has happened, and how this affects his life in the present learning situation. In this moment past and presence are constituted as a wholeness of reality. Within the narrative structure, this presence of the past is made possible to understand by the sudden shift of grammatical tense.
What makes a person reveal something like this about himself, not to mention that he obviously thinks he is the spokesperson of the whole group? Jack’s question creates tension around him. The others try to look indifferent, but mumble their support to Jack’s remark. Jack is provoked by the teacher’s efforts to drag them into the learning situations she is trying to create. But there is something in the situation that gives him courage to show how provoked he is. His question is more a demand than a question to be answered directly. He surely knows enough about schooling not to expect a positive answer to his outburst. What are the events leading up to this turning point of the narrative? Very little is said about that, only the description of the teacher’s impression of the students’ lack of interest. May be it has something to do with the fact that she is clearly on the verge of giving up? She is putting down her guard of didactical thinking, showing a human face of bewilderness, even reaching out a hand to the students in a different way than before.
They grab this hand, reluctantly at first, but then with increasing eagerness. A third turn in the narrative is created by the time coordinates “then we talk about the funny things in their lives,” and “after a while, they start writing.” At first glance the peak of tension in the whole narrative could be interpreted as the moment when Jack utters his frustration. But there is a deeper tension, between the concrete school day and the experience from previous schooling, which for the students is more real than the theoretic world the teacher tries to impose on them. This tension is exposed when the students start telling their stories, first orally, then in writing. This core event in the narrative is a merging of the past into the present, into texts with a content they disclose sentence by sentence, into a form that they previously did not master.
These texts are the construction of a space, where past and present merge, but they also have a new future pointed out in their writing, based on the slowly acquired knowledge that they still can learn. These texts are therefore also the core chronotope within the main narrative. But the texts can also be seen as a place where the students and the teacher meet in a different way. Thus, the texts become the metaphor of the main aspect of the core event: the creation of a new relationship between the teacher and the students, and between the students themselves. Jack’s first provoked and provocative utterance was like throwing a stone into calm water; the water is stirred and there are waves like concentric circles in an even wider formation. The first circle is the change from passivity in the classroom to activity, the next the oral telling of their stories, and then the writing of the texts. But the last circle, which connects all the waves to the whole sea, is the creation of new trust – in their self, their ability to learn, and in their ability to form new, fruitful relationships.
But there is another chronotopic factor to consider in this narrative, which is not mentioned directly. The class is situated in a certain, not specified, geographical place. They are also in a classroom. But there is an element that contributes in the creation of another type of space, within which the teacher and the students are moving. This is the governmental instructions about schooling. The teacher takes it into her own hands not to follow the curriculum in this class, which would tell her to make a steady progression throughout the school year. By means of the chronotope, one could say that she is choosing not to work in a steady linear progression, but rather let the concentric circles from the initial act lead the work. By putting “aside both books and curriculum for a while,” a situation which apparently lasts for several months, she creates room (e.g. time and space) to do things in a different order and another way. Some inner negotiation has taken place, which makes her almost undermine the clear instructions from the government.
What can the background be, and the deliberation behind, this choice, an act that could have severe consequences had it not turned out well? An obvious reasoning could be that if she continued the prescribed progression, not taking into account that the students did not believe in their ability to learn, both the final marks and an exam would reveal exactly that: They would appear as not able, or not willing, to learn. If she took the chance of doing things in a different way, based on the information Jack provided her with, the students might not turn out worse than if the curriculum was followed. The chance would still be there of improving the students’ learning, if not that year, then may be later in their lives.
But the chronotope can be used in order to turn this momentum another notch. The key to a deeper understanding lies in Jack’s first utterance: “We have understood a long time ago that we are not able to learn any more. That’s why we are here in this class, doing vocational training, instead of doing the general studies.” The spatiality of this remark lies in “being here instead of there.” This remark is also axiologically charged, because it is based on the assumption that “there” is better. Better in the eyes of society, or in their own eyes, or in the teacher’s eyes? No matter whose “eyes” this view is based on, it inflicts on their perception of themselves and their place in education and in society. Jack implies that the teacher is using too much time on things that belong to another place – the academic classes, not the vocational training classes. He obviously feels provoked by that, and he acts on this provocation, by sending it back to the teacher. He seems to mean that it is she who should find a different place/space/topos, not they.
In the eyes of the students, the teacher is bringing chronos from another space into the present topos. This means that the conception of study progression (chronos) found in the curriculum, which is formed in a theoretical space apart from the reality of the situation at hand, is brought into the dysfunctional learning space of the present situation. In the eyes of the students, she is acting in a u-topian way. She is out of the present topos and chronos as they perceive it, doing the utopian attempt to bring them over into another space, spending time trying to make them learn things that do not belong to their topos. In this narrative, topos/space apparently have several meanings.
The act of the teacher thus can bee seen as rooted in a discovery of the expansive gap between two different chronotopes, based in two colliding narratives. The teacher’s perception of education and her task as a teacher is based on her education and the curriculum. She initially has an arsenal of teaching methods, but “none of it helps.” Why not? Her “narrative” is based on the understanding of the teacher as the supportive organizer, who shares her knowledge and aids the students in their work. The students’ “narrative” is based on traumatic experiences of schooling and the view that a practitioner in vocational training does not need too much theoretic knowledge. This places them not only in different roles, but different social classes; even with totally different goals for being in the classroom. Jack’s remark opens up this extreme disparity for her, and she understands that no educational method can bridge this gap. They need a different space to meet in, and consequently, the time schedule and progression of the curriculum do not fit. In other words, they need to create a new narrative together, which can be the basis of a new chronotope. Since every narrative has its own chronotope, the teacher and the students meet initially with different chronotopes, which clash dramatically. The initial chronotope of the class practice, is the one of “being neither here nor there.” The new chronotope is that of creating a new narrative, which is made by their new effort to learn and their collaboration in the concrete oral and written stories. Their written stories grow, and finally the old story of not being able to learn (the students) and the teacher as the provider of learning strategies and teaching methods (the teacher) is changed to a new story. The main motif in that new story is that of the changed relation, or rather, the creation of a real relationship. The new chronotope could thus be called the chronotope of relation.
[1] Thomas Hobbes: On the Citizen. (Ed: Richard Tuck & Michael Silverthorne 1998, Cambridge University Press), p. 116.
[2] All the names in all the narratives are fictional